Handling speech synthesis of content for multiple languages

ABSTRACT

Techniques that enable a user to select, from among multiple languages, a language to be used for performing text-to-speech conversion. In some embodiments, upon determining that multiple languages may be used to perform text-to-speech conversion for a portion of text, the multiple languages may be displayed to the user. The user may then select a particular language to be used from the multiple languages. The portion of text may then be converted to speech in the user-selected language.

BACKGROUND

The disclosed embodiments relate generally to text-to-speech synthesis, and more particularly to techniques that enable a user to select, from among multiple languages, a language to be used for performing text-to-speech synthesis or conversion.

The process of converting language text to speech is typically referred to as text-to-speech synthesis or text-to-speech conversion. Due to the diversity of languages spoken by humans, various languages are available for performing text-to-speech conversion. A system that can perform text-to-speech conversion in multiple languages typically provides multiple language synthesizers, each language synthesizer configured to convert the text to speech in a particular language. For example, an English language synthesizer may be provided for converting text to English speech, a French language synthesizer may be provided for converting text to French speech, a Japanese language synthesizer may be provided for converting text to Japanese speech, and so on. Depending upon the particular language to be used for the speech, a language synthesizer corresponding to that particular language is used for performing the text-to-speech conversion.

For languages that share characters, such as English, French, and German, the same piece of text may be converted to speech using any of the synthesizers corresponding to these languages. However, since a synthesizer for a particular language uses pronunciation rules and sounds that are specific to that language, the speech output for the same piece of text will sound differently for different synthesizers. For example, the speech resulting from text-to-speech conversion using an English synthesizer for a piece of text may sound very different from speech resulting from using a French synthesizer for the same piece of text.

In conventional systems, a default language synthesizer is generally automatically selected for performing text-to-speech conversion as long as that default synthesizer can output speech for the text being converted. This may however produce speech results that are undesirable to the user. For example, if the text to be converted is in the French language and an English language synthesizer is the default synthesizer, then the output could be French spoken with a bad English accent.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Certain embodiments are described that enable a user to select, from among multiple languages, a language to be used for performing text-to-speech conversion.

In some embodiments, multiple languages may be displayed to the user. The user may then select a particular language to be used from the multiple languages. The user-selected language may then be used to generate speech for text to be converted to speech.

In some embodiments, upon determining that multiple languages are eligible to perform text-to-speech conversion for a portion of text, the multiple languages may be displayed to the user. The user may then select a particular language to be used from the multiple languages. When speech is generated for the text, the portion of text may be converted to speech in the user-selected language.

In some embodiments, the text to be converted to speech is analyzed using one or more analysis criteria. Based upon the analysis, one or more languages may be determined as applicable for converting the text to speech. In some instances, the analysis may yield multiple languages as being applicable for the same portion of text. In this scenario, the multiple languages may be output to the user. The user may then select a particular language from the multiple languages. The portion of text is then converted to speech in the user-selected language using a language synthesizer corresponding to the user-selected language.

The portion of text for which multiple languages may be identified as possible candidates may be the entire text that is to be converted to speech or a subset of the text. A subset of the text may be, for example, without limitations, one or more characters within the text, one or more words within the text, one or more sentences within the text, and the like.

In some embodiments, analysis of the text to identify the one or more languages to be used to convert the text to speech may be based upon various criteria. Examples of criteria can include, without limitation, one or more loaded keyboards, one or more tags associated with the text, one or more languages identified by a language analysis tool upon analysis of the text to be converted to speech, application-specific data (e.g., domain information for a website hosting a webpage, sender's phone number for a messaging application), character encoding information (e.g., Unicode information) associated with one or more characters in the text, one or more user preferences (e.g., language or locale preferences), user history information (e.g., previous user language selections for text-to-speech conversion), a source of the text, country code top-level domain information associated with the text, global positioning system (GPS) information (e.g., identifying the location of the user or user device), and the like.

In some embodiments, for text including multiple languages, the language synthesizer used for performing text-to-speech conversion is automatically switched for the different languages. In some embodiments, the text may be processed character-by-character and a language determined to be used for converting the character to speech. Ranges of characters may be identified in the text to be converted to speech, each range associated with a language. When the text is converted to speech, each range portion is converted to speech using the language synthesizer corresponding to the language associated with that range. This enables language synthesizers to be automatically switched during text-to-speech conversion to facilitate conversion of the text to speech.

In some embodiments, the text-to-speech conversion may be provided as a web-based or cloud service or under a Software as a Service (SaaS) model.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a simplified diagram of a system that may incorporate an embodiment;

FIG. 2 depicts a simplified flowchart depicting a method for performing text-to-speech conversion according to some embodiments;

FIG. 3 depicts a simplified flowchart depicting a method for determining a set of languages for performing text-to-speech conversion according to some embodiments;

FIG. 4 depicts a simplified flowchart depicting a method for generating speech for text according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 5-11 depict examples including user interfaces that may be displayed to a user with respect to text-to-speech conversion according to some embodiments;

FIG. 12 is a simplified block diagram of a computer system that may incorporate components of a system for performing text-to-speech conversion according to some embodiments; and

FIG. 13 depicts a simplified diagram of a distributed system for performing text-to-speech conversion according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.

Certain embodiments are described that enable a user to select, from among multiple languages, a language to be used for performing text-to-speech conversion. In some embodiments, multiple languages may be displayed to the user. The user may then select a particular language to be used from the multiple languages. A piece of text may then be converted to speech in the user-selected language.

In some embodiments, upon determining that multiple languages are eligible to perform text-to-speech conversion for a portion of text to be converted to speech, the multiple languages may be output to the user. The user may then select a particular language to be used from the multiple languages. The portion of text may then be converted to speech in the user-selected language using a synthesizer corresponding to the user-selected language. The portion of text may be the entire text that is to be converted to speech or a subset thereof such as one or more characters within the text, one or more words within the text, one or more sentences within the text, and the like.

FIG. 1 depicts a simplified diagram of a system 100 that may incorporate an embodiment. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, system 100 includes multiple subsystems including a text-to-speech subsystem 102, a heuristics subsystem 104, an audio output subsystem 106, an input/output (I/O) subsystem 108, and a memory subsystem 122. One or more communication paths may be provided enabling one or more of the subsystems to communicate with and exchange data with one another. The various subsystems depicted in FIG. 1 may be implemented in software, in hardware, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the software may be stored on a transitory or non-transitory computer readable medium and executed by one or more processors.

It should be appreciated that system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 may have other components than those depicted in FIG. 1. Further, the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is only one example of a system that may incorporate an embodiment of the invention. In some other embodiments, system 100 may have more or fewer components than shown in FIG. 1, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of components. In some embodiments, system 100 may be part of a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, a smart phone, or a multifunction device. Exemplary embodiments of portable devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. In some other embodiments, system 100 may also be incorporated in other devices such as desktop computers, kiosks, and the like.

I/O subsystem 108 provides an interface that allows a user to interact with system 100. I/O subsystem 100 may enable system 100 to output information to the user. For example, I/O subsystem 108 may include a display device such as a monitor or a screen. I/O subsystem 108 may also enable the user to provide inputs to system 100. I/O subsystem 108 may include one or more input devices that allow a user to provide inputs to system 100. The input devices may include, without limitation, a mouse, a pointer, a keyboard, or other input device. In some embodiments, I/O subsystem 108 may include a touch-sensitive interface (also sometimes referred to as a touch screen) that can both display information to a user and also receive inputs from the user.

Memory subsystem 122 may be configured to store data and instructions used by some embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, memory 122 may include volatile memory such as random access memory or RAM (sometimes referred to as system memory). Instructions or code or programs that are executed by one or more processors of system 100 may be stored in the RAM. Memory 122 may also include non-volatile memory such as one or more storage disks or devices, flash memory, or other non-volatile memory devices.

In some embodiments, heuristics subsystem 104 and text-to-speech subsystem 102 working in cooperation are responsible for performing processing related to text-to-speech conversion. Heuristics subsystem 104 is configured to receive text 128 that is to be converted to speech. Text 128 may be received via I/O subsystem 108 or from other sources. For example, a user of system 100 may select text using I/O subsystem 108 and then initiate the text-to-speech conversion process for the selected text.

In some embodiments, heuristics subsystem 104 analyzes text 128 to determine one or more languages that are applicable for converting text 128 to speech. Heuristics subsystem 104 may determine the one or more languages from a set of languages that are available to system 100 for performing text-to-speech conversion. The set of languages that are available for use by system 100 may depend upon one or more language synthesizers 112 that are available, each synthesizer being configured for a particular language. In one embodiment, information identifying the various language synthesizers 112 and their corresponding languages may be provided to heuristics subsystem 104 and may be used by heuristics subsystem 104 to determine the one or more languages for converting a particular piece of text to speech.

Heuristics subsystem 104 may use various pieces of information 110 to determine the one or more languages that are applicable for text 128. In some embodiments, heuristics-based analysis may be performed based upon various criteria to identify the one or more languages for converting text 128 to speech. Further details related to various criteria that may be used by heuristics subsystem 104 and the manner in which some of criteria may be used are provided below.

In addition to determining the one or more languages that are applicable for converting text 128 to speech, in some embodiments, heuristics subsystem 104 is also configured to determine if there is any language ambiguity. For purposes of this disclosure, language ambiguity exists if it is determined that a portion of text 128 may be converted to speech using multiple languages available for text-to-speech conversion. Since each language corresponds to a particular language synthesizer, language ambiguity exists when it is determined that multiple language synthesizers are available for converting the same portion of text to speech. The portion of text 128 that may cause a language ambiguity situation may be the entire text 128 or a subset of text 128 such as one or more characters within text 128, one or more words within text 128, one or more sentences within text 128, and the like.

For example, in one embodiment, heuristics subsystem 104 may determine, based upon analysis performed by heuristics subsystem 104, that for a set of words within text 128, either an English language synthesizer or a French language synthesizer may be used to convert the words to speech. Since more than one language is a candidate for converting the same portion of text to speech, heuristics subsystem 104 may determine that a language ambiguity exists for these set of words.

As another example, heuristics subsystem 104 may detect the occurrence of a set of Chinese language characters within text 128 to be converted to speech. Upon processing this set of characters, heuristics subsystem 104 may determine that there are four separate language synthesizers available that are capable of reading the Chinese characters and converting them to speech, namely, a Mandarin language synthesizer, a Cantonese language synthesizer, a Shanghainese language synthesizer, and a Taiwanese language synthesizer. In other words, heuristics subsystem 104 determines that there are four languages available to convert the set of Chinese characters to speech. In this case again, heuristics subsystem 104 may determine that a language ambiguity exists for the set of Chinese characters.

As yet another example, heuristics subsystem 104 may determine, based upon heuristics analysis performed by heuristics subsystem 104, that for the entire text 128, there are two separate language synthesizers available that are capable of reading and converting text 128 to speech, namely, a France French language synthesizer and a Canadian French language synthesizer. In other words, heuristics subsystem 104 determines that there are two languages available to convert text 128 to speech. In this case again, heuristics subsystem 104 may determine that a language ambiguity exists for the entire text.

Further, a particular piece of text may comprise multiple portions, each giving rise to a language ambiguity. Accordingly, is some instances, text 128 to be converted to speech may be determined to have multiple language ambiguities. For example, the text to be converted to speech may include a first portion that gives rise to a language ambiguity between English and French. The same text may include a second portion, different from the first portion, which gives rise to a language ambiguity between Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, and Taiwanese. This represents a first language ambiguity between English and French and a second language ambiguity between Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, and Taiwanese. Accordingly, zero or more language ambiguities may exist in the text to be converted to speech.

Upon performing language ambiguity processing, heuristics subsystem 104 may then cause information to be displayed to the user based upon whether a language ambiguity was detected to exist or not. In the case where heuristics subsystem 104 does not detect any language ambiguity situation, heuristics subsystem 104 may cause information to be displayed to the user, via I/O subsystem 108, which allows the user to initiate text-to-speech conversion for text 128. For example, in one embodiment, a “Speak” option may be displayed to the user. When heuristics subsystem 104 receives an indication that the user has selected the “Speak” option, a signal may be sent to text-to-speech subsystem 102 to initiate the text-to-speech conversion. Heuristics subsystem 104 may also send information to text-to-speech subsystem 102 indicating the one or more languages that heuristics subsystem 104 has determined to be used for the text-to-speech conversion. Text-to-speech subsystem 102 may then perform the text-to-speech conversion for text 128 using language synthesizers corresponding to the one or more languages identified by heuristics subsystem 104.

In the case where a language ambiguity is detected, heuristics subsystem 104 may cause information to be displayed to the user to resolve the ambiguity. In some embodiments, heuristics subsystem 104 may cause a “Speak . . . ” option to be displayed to the user. Upon the user selecting the “Speak . . . ” option, heuristics subsystem 104 may cause information to be displayed to the user, via I/O subsystem 108, for each language ambiguity, identifying the multiple languages causing the ambiguity. The user may be prompted to select a particular language for performing text-to-speech conversion from among the multiple languages causing the language ambiguity. For example, if the language ambiguity is between languages English and French, in one embodiment, a menu may be displayed to the user identifying English and French as candidate languages and allowing the user to select one of the two languages for performing text-to-speech conversion. Upon the user selecting a particular language, heuristics subsystem 104 may send a signal to text-to-speech subsystem 102 to initiate the text-to-speech conversion using the user-selected language.

As indicated above, heuristics subsystem 104 sends information to text-to-speech subsystem 102 identifying the one or more languages to be used by text-to-speech conversion for text-to-speech conversion. In the case where a language ambiguity is detected, the one or more languages may include a user-selected language. In the case where a language ambiguity is not detected, information identifying one or more “non-ambiguous” languages (i.e., languages not causing a language ambiguity) may be sent to text-to-speech subsystem 102. In some instances, the information communicated to text-to-speech subsystem 102 may include a combination of user-selected and non-ambiguous languages. Text-to-speech conversion may then convert text 128 to speech using the one or more languages identified by heuristics subsystem 104. As part of this text-to-speech conversion, for a portion of text 128 causing a language ambiguity, the portion is converted to speech by text-to-speech subsystem 102 using a language synthesizer corresponding to the user-selected language for that portion.

Text-to-speech subsystem 102 is configured to convert text 128 to speech using one or more languages identified by heuristics subsystem 104. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, text-to-speech conversion includes a set of language synthesizers 112 and a synthesizer controller 120. The various components of text-to-speech subsystem 102 depicted in FIG. 1 may be implemented in software, in hardware, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, text-to-speech subsystem 102 may have more or less components than those depicted in FIG. 1.

In some embodiments, language synthesizers 112 include one or more synthesizers that are available for performing text-to-speech conversion. Each synthesizer may correspond to a particular language that can be used for text-to-speech conversion. Accordingly, the set of synthesizers in language synthesizers 112 identifies the various languages that are available for text-to-speech conversion using system 100. Examples of languages include but are not restricted to English, French (in some embodiments France French and Canadian French may be available as two separate languages), German, Japanese, Mandarin, Cantonese, Taiwanese, Shanghainese, and the like.

In some embodiments, synthesizer controller 120 is configured to read text 128 and convert the read text to speech using one or more language synthesizers 112. An example of how text-to-speech subsystem 102 may convert text 128 to speech is depicted in FIG. 4 and described below. The speech generated by text-to-speech subsystem 102 may be in the form of audio signals, which can then be output as speech 124 using audio output subsystem 106, which may include a speaker. In some embodiments, the audio signals may be stored as an audio file 126 (e.g., a .wav file) in memory subsystem 122 of system 100. Audio file 126 may then be output as speech using audio output subsystem 106.

System 100 depicted in FIG. 1 may be provided in various configurations. In some embodiments, system 100 may be configured as a distributed system where one or more components of system 100 may be distributed and coupled via one or more networks. FIG. 13 depicts a simplified diagram of a distributed system 1300 for performing text-to-speech conversion according to some embodiments. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 13, heuristics subsystem 104 and text-to-speech subsystem 102 are provided on a server 1302 that is communicatively coupled with a remote client device 1304 via network 1306.

Network 1306 may include one or more communication networks, which could be the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless or wired network, an Intranet, a private network, a public network, a switched network, or any other suitable communication network. Network 1306 may include many interconnected systems and communication links including but not restricted to hardwire links, optical links, satellite or other wireless communications links, wave propagation links, or any other ways for communication of information. Various communication protocols may be used to facilitate communication of information via network 1306, including but not restricted to TCP/IP, HTTP protocols, extensible markup language (XML), wireless application protocol (WAP), protocols under development by industry standard organizations, vendor-specific protocols, customized protocols, and others.

In the configuration depicted in FIG. 13, a user of client device 1304 may select text to be converted to speech using device 1304. Upon selection of the text, the text may be communicated to server 1302 via network 1306. Heuristics subsystem 104 located on server 1302 may then perform analysis to determine the one or more languages to be used for converting the text to speech. In some embodiments, the information used by heuristics subsystem 104 for performing the analysis may also be communicated from client device 1304 to server 1302. In some embodiments, server 1302 may also store some of the information used for the analysis or may collect the information from other sources possibly connected to server 1302 via network 1306. As part of the analysis, heuristics subsystem 104 may also determine if any language ambiguities exist. Heuristics subsystem 104 may then cause appropriate user interfaces to be displayed by client device 1304. For example, if no language ambiguities are determined then a “Speak” option may be displayed to the user via an output interface of client device 1304. If one or more language ambiguities are detected, heuristics subsystem 104 may cause a “Speak . . . ” to be displayed to the user via client device 1304. A list of languages may be displayed to the user upon user selection of “Speak . . . ”. The user may then select a particular language using client device 1304. Information identifying any user-selected languages and any other non-ambiguous languages identified by heuristics subsystem 104 may then be communicated to text-to-speech subsystem 102 on server 1302. Text-to-speech subsystem 102 may then generate speech for the text and the speech may be communicated to client device 1304 for output to the user using a speaker of client device 1304.

In the configuration depicted in FIG. 13, text-to-speech subsystem 102 and heuristics subsystem 104 are remotely located from client device 1304. Server 1302, including text-to-speech subsystem 102 and heuristics subsystem 104, provides text-to-speech conversion services for client 1304. In some embodiment, server 1302 may provide text-to-speech conversion services for multiple clients. The multiple clients may be served concurrently or in a serialized manner. In some embodiments, the services provided by server 1302 may be offered as web-based or cloud services or under a Software as a Service (SaaS) model.

It should be appreciated that various different distributed system configurations are possible, which may be different from distributed system 1300 depicted in FIG. 13. For example, in some embodiments, text-to-speech subsystem 102 and heuristics subsystem 104 could also be remotely located from each other. The embodiment shown in FIG. 13 is thus only one example of a system that may incorporate some embodiments and is not intended to be limiting.

FIG. 2 depicts a simplified flowchart 200 depicting a method for performing text-to-speech conversion according to some embodiments. The processing depicted in FIG. 2 may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processors, hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The particular series of processing steps depicted in FIG. 2 is not intended to be limiting.

As depicted in FIG. 2, the method may be initiated at 202 upon receiving text to be converted to speech. There are various ways in which the text to be converted to speech is identified. In some embodiments, the mere selection of text by a user using, for example, I/O subsystem 108, may trigger flowchart 200 depicted in FIG. 2. For example, a user may use a touch screen on a device such as an iPhone® or iPad® to select text and this may cause the processing in FIG. 2 to be initiated.

At 204, analysis is performed to identify a set of one or more languages that are applicable and may be used to convert the text received in 202 to speech. In some embodiments, the analysis performed in 204 can include heuristics-based analysis based upon information available or provided to system 100. Details related to the analysis performed in 204 in some embodiments are described below with respect to flowchart 300 depicted in FIG. 3.

At 206, it is determined whether a language ambiguity exists. For purposes of this disclosure, a language ambiguity exists if a portion of the text received in 202 can be converted to speech using multiple languages available for text-to-speech conversion. Since each language corresponds to a particular language synthesizer, language ambiguity exists when multiple language synthesizers are available for converting the same portion of the text received in 202 to speech.

The portion of text 128 that gives rise to a language ambiguity may be the entire text or a subset of the text such as one or more characters within the text received in 202, one or more words within the text received in 202, one or more sentences within the text received in 202, and the like. For example, as described earlier, a language ambiguity may exist if it is determined that one or more words within text 128 may be converted to speech in English (using an English language synthesizer) or in French (using a French language synthesizer). As another example, language ambiguity may exist if it is determined in 206 that multiple language candidates (e.g., Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, and Taiwanese) and corresponding language synthesizers exist for converting a set of Chinese language characters to speech. Further, as previously described, a particular piece of text may give rise to multiple language ambiguities. This may occur, for example, when the text to be converted to speech includes multiple portions, each giving rise to a language ambiguity.

Accordingly, the text to be converted to speech may cause zero or more language ambiguities to occur. The processing to detect any language ambiguities is performed in 206. In some embodiments, with respect to language ambiguity and one or more languages identified in 204, the following scenarios may occur:

-   (1) A single language is identified for converting the entire text     to speech, in which case there is no language ambiguity. -   (2) Multiple languages are identified, but there is no language     ambiguity. This may occur when the text to be converted to speech     includes multiple portions and a non-ambiguous language is     determined for each portion. For example, a first language may be     determined for a first portion of the text received in 202 and a     second language may be determined for a second portion of the text     received in 202, where the first and second portions do not overlap.     Since only one language is determined for each portion of text there     is no language ambiguity. It is to be noted that a determination of     multiple languages does not by itself cause a language ambiguity.     For purposes of explanation, a language that is not part of an     ambiguous set of languages is referred to as a non-ambiguous     language. -   (3) Multiple languages are identified that include one or more     non-ambiguous languages and languages that cause one or more     language ambiguities. For example, a first language may be     determined for a first portion of the text received in 202 (no     language ambiguity) and multiple languages may be determined for a     second portion of the text received in 202 resulting in a language     ambiguity for the second portion. -   (4) Multiple languages are identified that do not include any     non-ambiguous languages but include languages causing one or more     language ambiguities. For example, a first language and a second     language may be determined for a first portion of the text received     in 202 and multiple languages may be determined for a second portion     of the text received in 202 resulting in two sets of languages     causing language ambiguities for the first portion and the second     portion. -   (5) No language is identified. This indicates that the system was     unable find a language synthesizer that can read and convert the     text received in 202 to speech. In this case (not shown in FIG. 2),     the processing ends and a message may be displayed to the user that     text-to-speech conversion cannot be performed for the selected text. -   In some embodiments, if any language ambiguity exists then     processing proceeds with 216 else processing proceeds with 208.

If it is determined in 206 that no language ambiguity exists, then information may be displayed to the user at 208 that enables the user to initiate the text-to-speech conversion of the text received in 202. For example, in some embodiments, a “Speak” option may be displayed to the user. Upon receiving user input indicating selecting of the “Speak” option at 210, text-to-speech conversion for the text received in 202 may be performed at 212 using the one or more languages determined in 204 and their corresponding language synthesizers. At 214, the speech generated in 212 may be output to the user. For example, the speech may be output using an audio output device such as a speaker.

Going back to 206, if it is instead determined that a language ambiguity exists, then information may be displayed to the user that allows the user to select a particular language and resolve the ambiguity. For example, a “Speak . . . ” option may be displayed to the user at 216. The “Speak . . . ” option indicates that the user has to provide some inputs before text-to-speech conversion can be initiated.

At 218, information may be received indicating that the user has selected the “Speak . . . ” option. At 220, for each language ambiguity, information may be displayed to the user identifying the multiple languages causing the language ambiguity and allowing the user to select a particular language from among the multiple languages for performing text-to-speech conversion. Accordingly, in 220, information may be displayed to the user that allows the user to provide input to resolve all the language ambiguities. For example, if the language ambiguity is between languages English and French, information may be displayed to the user identifying English and French and allowing the user to select one of the two languages for performing text-to-speech conversion.

If there are multiple language ambiguities, then information may be displayed for each language ambiguity such that the user can select a particular language to resolve that language ambiguity. For example, in addition to the language ambiguity between English and French, if another language ambiguity exists due to Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, and Taiwanese, information may be displayed to the user identifying English and French and allowing the user to select one of the two languages for performing text-to-speech conversion and additionally, information may be displayed to the user identifying Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, and Taiwanese and allowing the user to select one of the four languages for performing text-to-speech conversion.

At 222, input may be received from the user identifying one or more languages selected by the user for performing text-to-speech conversion. For example, information may be received from the user in 222 indicating that the user has selected English (between French and English) and Mandarin (between Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, and Taiwanese).

At 224, the text received in 202 is converted to speech using any languages selected by the user in 222 and any other non-ambiguous languages identified in 204. For each language, a corresponding language synthesizer is used to convert a portion of the text to speech in that language. For example, for a portion of the text resulting in a language ambiguity between English and French, if the user selected French in 222, then that portion of text is converted to speech using a French language synthesizer. The generated speech may then be output to the user at 214 via an audio output device such as a speaker.

As described above, in some embodiments, when a language ambiguity is detected, the user is allowed to resolve the language ambiguity by selecting a particular language from the multiple languages causing the language ambiguity. In this manner, the user is allowed to choose a language for text-to-speech conversion per the user's choice.

As described above, in 204, analysis is performed to determine one or more languages that can be used to convert the text to speech. FIG. 3 depicts a simplified flowchart 300 depicting a method for determining the one or more languages for performing text-to-speech conversion according to some embodiments. The processing depicted in FIG. 3 may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processors, hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The particular series of processing steps depicted in FIG. 3 is not intended to be limiting. In one embodiment, the processing may be performed by heuristics subsystem 104 depicted in FIG. 1.

At 302, various criteria may be used to determine a set of languages to be used for converting the text to speech. In some embodiments, the following criteria may be used, without limitation, to identify language candidates in 302 for converting the text to speech:

-   (1) Loaded keyboards—A device, such as an iPhone®, incorporating     system 100 may have one or more keyboards corresponding to one or     more languages loaded. For example, an iPhone® may have a French     keyboard and an English keyboard loaded. This information may be     used to identify languages to be used for performing the     text-to-speech conversion. The presumption here is that if a user     has loaded a particular language keyboard, there is a high     likelihood that the user may want to have the text-to-speech     conversion performed using that particular language. -   (2) Linguistic tags—In some embodiments, tags may be associated with     the text to be converted to speech identifying one or more     language(s) for the text. Multiple tags may be used to identify     multiple languages. A tagging language such as XML or HTML may be     used to provide the tags in some embodiments. For example, in HTML,     a “lang” attribute tag may be used to indicate the language of the     text. In XML, an “xml:language” attribute tag may be used to     indicate the language of the text. For example, tags are commonly     used by web page designers who often insert tags in web pages to     convey additional information related to the web page. One or more     of these tags may be used to identify language(s) associated with     the content provided on the web page. Accordingly, if the text     selected by a user to be converted to speech is from a web page, the     web page may be analyzed to determine if there are any tags     associated with the selected text that identify any language(s) for     the text or portions thereof. The tag information, if available, may     then be used to identify one or more languages to be used for the     text-to-speech conversion. In some embodiments, tags provided     according to RFC 5646 may also be used to identify the language(s)     to be used. -   (3) Language analysis tool (or linguistic tagger)—Language analysis     tools are available that can analyze a piece of text and determine     one or more associated languages. The language(s) identified by such     a tool may then be used to identify the one or more languages for     performing text-to-speech conversion for the text or portions     thereof. Generally, the reliability of results from a language     analysis tool is dependent on the length of the text being     analyzed—the longer the text, generally more reliable the results.     Accordingly, the weight given to results obtained from a language     analysis tool may depend upon the length of the text being analyzed.     Generally, if the text is shorter than 300 words, then the results     are not considered very reliable. -   (4) Application-specific data—Some applications may provide     information or have information associated with their content that     can be used to determine a language for text arising from that     application. Accordingly, data provided by an application associated     with the text may be used to determine one or more languages to be     used for the text. For example, for a text message in a messaging     application, the sender's phone number may be analyzed to determine     the country code used and the corresponding country, which in turn     may be used to determine a language to be used for the text message.     As another example, for an email message, the sender's country code     or the domain name for the country where the email originated may be     determined and used to determine a language to be used for     text-to-speech conversion of the email or a portion thereof. As yet     another example, for text selected from a webpage, the domain     associated with a website hosting the webpage may be used to     determine a language to be used for converting the text to speech. -   (5) Unicode or other character-based encoding—The Unicode Standard     is a character coding system designed to support the worldwide     interchange, processing, and display of written texts of diverse     languages. The Unicode standard provides a unique number for every     character, irrespective of the language. Accordingly, for text that     has been encoded according to the Unicode standard, the Unicode     number associated with each character in the text may be used to     determine a language to be associated with the character.     Character-by-character Unicode analysis for the characters in the     text to be converted to speech may be performed to determine the     language(s) to be used for text-to-speech conversion. In some     embodiments, other character-related encoding information associated     with the characters in the text may be used to identify languages     associated with the characters. -   (6) User preferences and history—If available, information related     to a user's preferences or past language selections may be used to     determine the language(s) to be used for text-to-speech conversion.     For example, the user's preference or history information may     indicate that the user's language preference is set to French or     that the user has repeatedly chosen French as the language of     choice. This information may then be used to identify the     language(s) to be used for text-to-speech conversion and French may     be selected for inclusion in the list of candidate languages for     text-to-speech conversion. -   (7) Source of the text—If information related to the source of the     text is available, then that information may be used to identify the     one or more languages to be used for text-to-speech conversion. For     example, if the text selected for text-to-speech conversion is from     an email received by a user, information identifying the sender of     the email may be used to determine the language to be used. For     example, if the text selected for text-to-speech conversion is part     of an email, the sender information for the email may be used     determine a particular language to be used for the text-to-speech     conversion. -   (8) Country code top-level domain (ccTLD)—A country code top-level     domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or     reserved for a country, a sovereign state, or a dependent territory.     These are generally two letters long and may be associated with     applications, such as a browser or domains. Examples of ccTLDs     include without limitation: .us for the United States, .jp for     Japan, .fr for France, etc. When available for text being converted     to speech, these ccTLDs may be used to identify a corresponding     country and a corresponding language(s) to be used for converting     the text to speech. -   (9) Global Positioning System (GPS) information—A large number of     devices, especially mobile devices, now contain GPS chips that are     able to provide information about the location of the devices and     accordingly the locations of the users of the devices. Accordingly,     if GPS information indicative of the location of the user for whom     text-to-speech conversion is being performed or indicative of the     location of a device used for selection of the text for conversion     to speech is available, then this information may be used for     determine the one or more languages to be used for text-to-speech     conversion. For example, if the GPS information indicates that the     user is in Mexico, then Spanish may be selected as a language for     performing text-to-speech conversion.

The list of criteria identified above is not meant to be exhaustive or limiting. In some other embodiments, more or less than the criteria described above may be used. Further, the manner in which the various criteria are used may also vary between embodiments. For example, in one embodiment, each criterion may be used independent of the other criteria to identify zero or more possible language candidates for converting the text to speech. In such an embodiment, in 302, a set of zero or more language candidates may be identified from analysis performed for each criterion. In another embodiment, two or more criteria may be combined to identify the candidate languages in 302. The criteria-based processing may be performed in parallel, in a serialized manner, or a combination thereof.

The processing performed in 302 yields a list of zero of more languages as potential candidates for converting the text to speech. In some embodiments, if there are multiple languages in the list or if there are any language ambiguities in this list, then an attempt may be made in 304 to resolve the language ambiguities or, if the language ambiguities cannot be resolved, to reduce the number of languages involved in the language ambiguities. For example, if the list generated in 302 includes a language ambiguity caused by multiple languages, an attempt is made in 304 to resolve this language ambiguity based upon heuristics-based analysis. If the language ambiguity cannot be resolved, then an attempt is made, based upon heuristics-based analysis, to reduce the number of languages causing the ambiguity. Accordingly, processing may be performed in 304 that filters down the list of candidate languages generated in 302. After processing in 304 is completed, processing continues with 206 in FIG. 2.

Various different criteria may be used for performing the processing in 304. In some embodiments, the criteria used for the processing in 304 may include one or more of the criteria used in 302 (and described above) or other criteria not used in 302. In one embodiment, weighing may be used to reduce the list of candidate languages. In one such embodiment, a weight may be calculated and assigned to each criterion used in 302. The weight associated with a criterion may then be used to either keep or filter out the one or more languages identified based upon that criterion. For example, languages identified using a particular criterion may be filtered out if the weight associated with the criterion does not satisfy a certain configurable threshold.

For example, in one embodiment, the list of languages generated in 302 may include one or more languages determined based upon results obtained from a language analysis tool. As indicated above, the reliability of results from such a tool is directly proportional to the length of the text analyzed, and may be unreliable, for example, if the text is less than 300 words long. Accordingly, in 304, a determination may be made as to the length of the text analyzed and based upon the determined length, a weight may be assigned to this criterion such that languages identified using this criterion may be filtered out if the length of the text is not above a certain threshold. For example, if the length of the analyzed text is determined to be less than 300 words, then one or more languages identified based upon results from this tool may be filtered out.

As another example, information related to the user's preferences and history may be used to filter down the list of candidate languages generated in 302. For example, the user's preferences or history information may indicate that the user's language preference is set to French or that the user has repeatedly chosen French as the language of choice. So if there is a language ambiguity between English and French, the ambiguity may be resolved in 304 by selecting French instead of English as the language to use for text-to-speech conversion. In this scenario, English would be filtered out of the list of candidate languages.

As yet another example, the user's preferences may include a locale preference. For example, the user's locale preference may be set to Taiwan. In such a scenario, if there is a language ambiguity between languages Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, and Taiwanese, as a result of the user's locale preference Taiwanese would be identified as the language to use and Mandarin, Cantonese, and Shanghainese may be filtered out.

In some embodiments, certain criteria may be given more weight in identification of a language to be used for text-to-speech conversion than other factors. For example, in some embodiments, the importance of the various factors may be as follows (in decreasing order of importance): Unicode or other character-related information, loaded keyboards, tags associated with the text, and results from linguistic analysis tool.

As previously described, in some embodiments, a list of one or more languages to be used for text-to-speech conversion is forwarded by heuristics subsystem 104 to text-to-speech subsystem 102. This list can include zero or more non-ambiguous languages and, if any language ambiguities were detected, one or more user-selected languages. Text-to-speech subsystem 102 then uses these languages to perform text-to-speech conversion in 212 or 224 in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 depicts a simplified flowchart 400 depicting a method for generating speech for text according to some embodiments. The processing depicted in FIG. 4 may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processors, hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The particular series of processing steps depicted in FIG. 4 is not intended to be limiting. In one embodiment, the processing may be performed by text-to-speech subsystem 102 depicted in FIG. 1.

At 402, the first character from the text to be converted to speech may be read. At 404, a language to be used for converting the read character to speech is determined. In one embodiment, the language is selected from the list of languages provided by heuristics subsystem 104. The language selected in 404 for the read character may be a non-ambiguous language, or if the character is read from a portion of text causing a language ambiguity, a language selected by the user for that portion.

At 406, the selected language is associated with the read character. Various techniques may be used for associating the selected language with the character. In one embodiment, the association information may be stored in memory.

At 408, a determination is made if all characters in the text to be converted to speech have been processed. If it is determined in 408 that all characters have been processed, then it indicates that the entire text has been processed and processing continues with 416. If it is determined in 408 that all characters have not been processed, then it indicates the presence of additional characters in the text that need to be processed and the next character is read from the text at 410.

At 412, a determination is made whether the currently selected language (i.e., the language selected for the previous read character) can be used to speak the character read in 410. In some embodiments, a presently selected language may not be used to speak the character read in 410 due to various reasons. In one instance, a language synthesizer corresponding to a language associated with the previously read character may not be able to read and speak the next character read in 410. For example, the previous character may have been an English character and the next character read in 410 is a Chinese character. In another instance, the previous character may have been associated with a non-ambiguous language and the next character read in 410 is from an ambiguous portion of the text and is to be associated with a user-selected language, where the user-selected language is different from the non-ambiguous language for the previous character.

If it is determined in 412 that the currently selected language can be used to speak the character read in 410 then processing continues with 406. If it is determined in 412 that the currently selected language cannot be used to read the character read in 410, then at 414, a new language to be used for converting the character read in 410 to speech is determined. The new language may be a non-ambiguous language or a user-selected language. Processing then continues with 406 wherein the selected language is associated with the character.

In the manner described above, processing continues until all the characters in the text have been processed and a language associated with them. After all the characters have been processed, at 416, ranges of one or more characters within the text with common associated languages are determined and, for each range, the language associated with the one or more characters in the range is associated with the range. For example, a text may comprise a first portion with characters having English as the associated language and a second portion having characters with Japanese as the associated language. In this example, the characters in the first portion may represent a first range of characters with English as the associated language, and the characters in the second portion represent a second range with Japanese as the associated language.

At 418, speech is generated for the text. The text-to-speech conversion process includes, for each range determined in 416, converting the characters in the range to speech using a language synthesizer corresponding to the language associated with that range. For example, for a range of characters having English as the associated language, an English language synthesizer is used to convert the range of characters to speech. The speech generated for the text in 418 may then be output in 420. For example, the generated speech may be output using an audio output device such as a speaker.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4 and described, the text to be converted to speech is read on a character-by-character basis and a language associated with each character. When a character is encountered in the text that cannot be converted to speech by a currently selected language, a new language that can read and convert the character to speech is automatically selected and associated with the character. In this manner, multiple languages may be associated with different portions of the text to be converted to speech based upon a character-by-character analysis. Further, such an analysis enables language synthesizers to be automatically selected and switched to facilitate conversion of the text to speech. For example, if an English language synthesizer was currently selected and used to perform text-to-speech conversion, upon encountering a range of Chinese characters in the text, the language synthesizer used for text-to-speech conversion is automatically switched from the English language synthesizer to a language synthesizer than can covert the Chinese characters to speech, and the newly selected language synthesizer is used to convert the Chinese characters to speech. If later, another range of English characters is encountered in the text being converted to speech, then the language synthesizer used for text-to-speech conversion may be automatically switched from the Chinese language synthesizer to the English language synthesizer and used to convert the range of English characters to speech. In this manner, in some embodiments, the language synthesizer used for text-to-speech conversion is automatically and appropriately switched.

FIGS. 5-11 depict examples including user interfaces that may be displayed to a user with respect to text-to-speech conversion according to some embodiments. The user interfaces depicted in these figures may, for example, be displayed on devices such as an iPhone®, iPad®, etc. The examples depicted in FIGS. 5-11 are not intended to be limiting.

In the example depicted in FIG. 5 a user has selected text 502. In response to the user selection, a callout menu 504 is displayed to the user. Callout menu 504 includes a “Speak” option 506. Display of “Speak” option 506 indicates that the analysis of text 502 by heuristics subsystem 104 did not indicate any language ambiguity. The user can initiate text-to-speech conversion for text 502 by doing a long press on “Speak” option 506.

In the example depicted in FIG. 6 the user has selected text 602, which is the same as text 502 in FIG. 5. In response to the user selection, a callout menu 604 is displayed to the user. However, unlike FIG. 5, callout menu 604 in FIG. 6 displays a “Speak . . . ” option 606. Display of “Speak . . . ” option 606 indicates that the analysis of text 602 by heuristics subsystem 104 indicated that a language ambiguity exists. The user may do a long press on option 606 in FIG. 6 and this may cause callout menu 702 depicted in FIG. 7 to be displayed. As shown in FIG. 7, callout menu 702 identifies two languages English 704 and French 706, which cause the language ambiguity. The user can then select one of English 704 or French 706, and upon the selection initiate text-to-speech conversion for text 602 using the selected language and the corresponding language synthesizer.

It is to be noted that even though the same text was selected for text-to-speech conversion in FIGS. 5 and 6, the resulting heuristics analysis yielded two different results. This may have been because in the example depicted in FIG. 5, the language tagger may have indicated English as the language and no other language was identified by any other heuristic criterion. However, in the example depicted in FIG. 6, the language tagger may have yielded English as a candidate language, but at the same time, a French keyboard may have been loaded thereby yielding French as another possible candidate language leading to a language ambiguity. In order to resolve the language ambiguity, both languages are displayed to the user as in FIG. 7 and the user can then select the specific language to be used. For example, if the user selects English 704, then text-to-speech conversion for text 602 is performed using the English language synthesizer. If on the other hand, the user selects French 706, then text-to-speech conversion for text 602 is performed using the French language synthesizer.

In the example depicted in FIG. 8 the user has selected text 802. In response to the user selection, a callout menu 804 is displayed to the user including a “Speak . . . ” option 806. Display of “Speak . . . ” option 806 indicates that the analysis of text 802 by heuristics subsystem 104 indicated that a language ambiguity exists. The user may do a long press on option 806 in FIG. 8 and this may cause callout menu 902 depicted in FIG. 9 to be displayed. As shown in FIG. 9, callout menu 902 identifies two user selectable options: English & Japanese 904 and French & Japanese 906. In this scenario, languages English and French are causing the language ambiguity and Japanese has been identified as a non-ambiguous language. This may have been because the analysis of text 802 indicated that it includes two sections 808 and 810. For section 808, both English and French may be identified as the candidate languages for text-to-speech conversion leading to a language ambiguity. For section 810, only Japanese may be identified as the language and as a result no ambiguity exists with respect to section 810. The user can then select one of English & Japanese 904 or French & Japanese 906, and upon the selection initiate text-to-speech conversion for text 802 using the selected languages and the corresponding language synthesizers. If English & Japanese 904 is selected, then the text in section 808 is converted to speech using an English language synthesizer and the text in section 810 (including the Japanese characters) is converted to speech using the Japanese language synthesizer.

In the example depicted in FIG. 9, when performing the text-to-speech conversion, text-to-speech subsystem 102 uses the English language synthesizer until a Japanese character is encountered in the text and upon encountering a Japanese character automatically switches to using the Japanese language synthesizer.

In the example depicted in FIG. 10 the user has selected text 1002 including Chinese characters. In response to the user selection, a callout menu 1004 is displayed to the user including a “Speak . . . ” option 1006. Display of “Speak . . . ” option 1006 indicates that the analysis of text 1002 by heuristics subsystem 104 indicated that a language ambiguity exists. For example, heuristics subsystem 104 may determine that text 1002 includes Chinese characters that can be spoken in Mandarin, Cantonese, or Taiwanese and this language ambiguity could not be resolved using heuristics. When the user does a long press on option 1006 in FIG. 10, a callout menu 1102 as depicted in FIG. 11 may be displayed. As shown in FIG. 11, callout menu 1102 includes three user-selectable options corresponding to the three languages causing the ambiguity, namely, Mandarin 1104, Cantonese 1106, and Taiwanese 1108. The user can then select one of Mandarin 1104, Cantonese 1106, and Taiwanese 1108 from callout menu 1102 and text 1002 is converted to speech using a language synthesizer corresponding to the user's selection.

In some embodiments, the user's selection of a particular language may be stored as part of user preferences information. For example, for the example depicted in FIGS. 10 and 11, if the user selects Mandarin 1104 for the text-to-speech conversion, then this preference may be stored as part of the user's preferences and used for subsequent language analysis. For example, the next time that the user selects Chinese text, the language ambiguity between Mandarin, Cantonese, and Taiwanese may be automatically resolved using heuristics including the user's preferences. In this scenario, Mandarin may be automatically selected and used for the text-to-speech conversion. As a result, the use does not have to do another language selection. In this manner, a user's past selection can influence future language selections for text-to-speech conversion.

In some embodiments, previous language selections made by a user can be cleared thereby allowing a user to make new, possibly changed, selections. For example, a user may have previously chosen Canadian French as the language of choice instead of French French. Options may be provided that enable the user to reset this selection. In one embodiment, a user-selectable toggle feature “Speak Selection” may be provided that can be turned on or off, and the change of state causes the user's previous selection(s) to be cleared.

System 100 depicted in FIG. 1 may be incorporated into various systems and devices. FIG. 12 is a simplified block diagram of a computer system 1200 that may incorporate components of system 100 according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 12, computer system 1200 includes a processor 1202 that communicates with a number of peripheral subsystems via a bus subsystem 1204. These peripheral subsystems may include a storage subsystem 1206, including a memory subsystem 1208 and a file storage subsystem 1210, user interface input devices 1212, user interface output devices 1214, and a network interface subsystem 1216.

Bus subsystem 1204 provides a mechanism for letting the various components and subsystems of computer system 1200 communicate with each other as intended. Although bus subsystem 1204 is shown schematically as a single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilize multiple busses.

Processor 1202, which can be implemented as one or more integrated circuits (e.g., a conventional microprocessor or microcontroller), can control the operation of computer system 1200. In various embodiments, processor 1202 can execute a variety of programs in response to program code and can maintain multiple concurrently executing programs or processes. At any given time, some or all of the program code to be executed can be resident in processor 1202 and/or in storage subsystem 1206. Through suitable programming, processor 1202 can provide various functionalities described above for performing text-to-speech conversion and analysis.

Network interface subsystem 1216 provides an interface to other computer systems and networks. Network interface subsystem 1216 serves as an interface for receiving data from and transmitting data to other systems from computer system 1200. For example, network interface subsystem 1216 may enable computer system 1200 to connect to a client device via the Internet. In some embodiments network interface 1216 can include radio frequency (RF) transceiver components for accessing wireless voice and/or data networks (e.g., using cellular telephone technology, advanced data network technology such as 3G, 4G or EDGE, WiFi (IEEE 802.11 family standards, or other mobile communication technologies, or any combination thereof), GPS receiver components, and/or other components. In some embodiments network interface 1216 can provide wired network connectivity (e.g., Ethernet) in addition to or instead of a wireless interface.

User interface input devices 1212 may include a keyboard, pointing devices such as a mouse or trackball, a touchpad or touch screen incorporated into a display, a scroll wheel, a click wheel, a dial, a button, a switch, a keypad, audio input devices such as voice recognition systems, microphones, and other types of input devices. In general, use of the term “input device” is intended to include all possible types of devices and mechanisms for inputting information to computer system 1200. For example, in an iPhone®, user input devices 1212 may include one or more buttons provided by the iPhone®, a touch screen, and the like. A user may provide input regarding selection of which language to use for text-to-speech conversion using one or more of input devices 1212. A user may also select the text to be converted to speech using one or more of input devices 1212.

User interface output devices 1214 may include a display subsystem, indicator lights, or non-visual displays such as audio output devices, etc. The display subsystem may be a cathode ray tube (CRT), a flat-panel device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projection device, a touch screen, and the like. In general, use of the term “output device” is intended to include all possible types of devices and mechanisms for outputting information from computer system 1200. For example, menus and other options for selecting languages to be used for text-to-speech conversion may be displayed to the user via an output device. Further, the speech may be output via an audio output device.

Storage subsystem 1206 provides a computer-readable storage medium for storing the basic programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of some embodiments. Storage subsystem 1206 can be implemented, e.g., using disk, flash memory, or any other storage media in any combination, and can include volatile and/or non-volatile storage as desired. Software (programs, code modules, instructions) that when executed by a processor provide the functionality described above may be stored in storage subsystem 1206. These software modules or instructions may be executed by processor(s) 1202. Storage subsystem 1206 may also provide a repository for storing data used in accordance with the present invention. Storage subsystem 1206 may include memory subsystem 1208 and file/disk storage subsystem 1210.

Memory subsystem 1208 may include a number of memories including a main random access memory (RAM) 1218 for storage of instructions and data during program execution and a read only memory (ROM) 1220 in which fixed instructions are stored. File storage subsystem 1210 provides persistent (non-volatile) storage for program and data files, and may include a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive along with associated removable media, a Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) drive, an optical drive, removable media cartridges, and other like storage media.

Computer system 1200 can be of various types including a personal computer, a portable device (e.g., an iPhone®, an iPad®), a workstation, a network computer, a mainframe, a kiosk, a server or any other data processing system. Due to the ever-changing nature of computers and networks, the description of computer system 1200 depicted in FIG. 12 is intended only as a specific example. Many other configurations having more or fewer components than the system depicted in FIG. 12 are possible.

Various embodiments described above can be realized using any combination of dedicated components and/or programmable processors and/or other programmable devices. The various embodiments may be implemented only in hardware, or only in software, or using combinations thereof. The various processes described herein can be implemented on the same processor or different processors in any combination. Accordingly, where components are described as being configured to perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, e.g., by designing electronic circuits to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (such as microprocessors) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof. Processes can communicate using a variety of techniques including but not limited to conventional techniques for interprocess communication, and different pairs of processes may use different techniques, or the same pair of processes may use different techniques at different times. Further, while the embodiments described above may make reference to specific hardware and software components, those skilled in the art will appreciate that different combinations of hardware and/or software components may also be used and that particular operations described as being implemented in hardware might also be implemented in software or vice versa.

The various embodiments are not restricted to operation within certain specific data processing environments, but are free to operate within a plurality of data processing environments. Additionally, although embodiments have been described using a particular series of transactions, this is not intended to be limiting.

Thus, although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, these are not intended to be limiting. Various modifications and equivalents are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: at an electronic device with a display, one or more input devices, and one or more audio output devices: displaying, on the display, a portion of displayed text that includes a plurality of words; receiving a request to convert the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech; determining whether a language ambiguity exists based on an analysis of the plurality of words of the portion of the displayed text, wherein the language ambiguity indicates that a plurality of candidate languages are applicable for converting the plurality of words in the portion of displayed text to speech; in accordance with the determination that the language ambiguity exists, concurrently displaying, on the display, the plurality of candidate languages for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech, wherein the plurality of candidate languages was selected based on the analysis of the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text; while concurrently displaying the plurality of candidate languages, receiving, with the one or more input devices, input indicative of selection of a first candidate language from the concurrently displayed plurality of candidate languages; and in response to receiving the input indicative of selection of the first candidate language, outputting, with the one or more audio output devices, audio corresponding to the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text, wherein the audio comprises a conversion of the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech in the first candidate language.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the conversion of the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech in the first candidate language comprises using a language synthesizer corresponding to the first candidate language to generate speech for the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the portion of the displayed text is the entire displayed text or a subset of the displayed text.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the conversion of the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech comprises: converting a first character in the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech using a first language synthesizer corresponding to the first candidate language; and converting a second character following the first character in the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech using a second language synthesizer different from the first language synthesizer, the second language synthesizer corresponding to a second candidate language.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the conversion of the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech comprises: reading a first character in the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text; determining a first language to be used for converting the first character to speech; associating the first language with the first character; reading a second character in the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text, the second character following the first character; determining a second language to be used for converting the second character to speech, wherein the second language is different from the first language; and associating the second language with the second character.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein determining whether a language ambiguity exists further comprises performing at least one of: determining a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon one or more loaded keyboards; determining a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon one or more tags associated with the displayed text; determining a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon data provided by an application associated with the displayed text; or determining a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon encoding information associated with one or more characters in the displayed text.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein determining whether a language ambiguity exists further comprises performing at least one of: determining a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon one or more user preferences; determining a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon a language selected for a prior text-to-speech conversion; determining a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon a source of the displayed text; determining a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based country code top-level domain information associated with the displayed text; or determining a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon global positioning system (GPS) information.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein determining whether a language ambiguity exists comprises: determining a first list of languages for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech; and determining a second list of languages from the first list of languages by filtering out at least one language from the first list of languages.
 9. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a plurality of instructions for controlling a processor, the plurality of instructions comprising: instructions that cause the processor to display, on a display, a portion of displayed text that includes a plurality of words; instructions that cause the processor to receive a request to convert the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech; instructions that cause the processor to determine whether a language ambiguity exists based on an analysis of the plurality of words of the portion of the displayed text, wherein the language ambiguity indicates that a plurality of candidate languages are applicable for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech; instructions that cause the processor to, in accordance with the determination that the language ambiguity exists, concurrently display, on the display, the plurality of candidate languages for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech, wherein the plurality of candidate languages was selected based on the analysis of the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text; while concurrently displaying the plurality of candidate languages, receive, with one or more input devices, input indicative of selection of a first candidate language from the concurrently displayed plurality of candidate languages, and in response to receiving the input indicative of selection of the first candidate language, output, with one or more audio output devices, audio corresponding to the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text, wherein the audio comprises a conversion of the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech in the first candidate language.
 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9 further comprising instructions that cause the processor to use a language synthesizer corresponding to the first candidate language to generate speech for the plurality of words in the portion of displayed text.
 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9 wherein the portion of the displayed text is the entire displayed text or a subset of the displayed text.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9 further comprising: instructions that cause the processor to read a first character in the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text; instructions that cause the processor to determine a first language to be used for converting the first character to speech; instructions that cause the processor to associate the first language with the first character; instructions that cause the processor to read a second character in the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text, the second character following the first character; instructions that cause the processor to determine a second language to be used for converting the second character to speech, wherein the second language is different from the first language; instructions that cause the processor to associate the second language with the second character; instructions that cause the processor to convert the first character to speech using a language synthesizer corresponding to the first language associated with the first character; and instructions that cause the processor to convert the second character to speech using a language synthesizer corresponding to the second language associated with the second character.
 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to determine that the plurality of words corresponds to the plurality of candidate languages, wherein the instructions cause the processor to perform at least one of: determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon one or more loaded keyboards; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon one or more tags associated with the displayed text; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon character encoding information associated with one or more characters in the displayed text; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon one or more user preferences; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon a language selected for a prior text-to-speech conversion; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon a source of the displayed text; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based country code top-level domain information associated with the displayed text; or determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon global positioning system (GPS) information.
 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to determine that the plurality of words corresponds to the plurality of candidate languages for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech, wherein the instructions comprise: instructions that cause the processor to determine a first list of languages for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech; and instructions that cause the processor to determine a second list of languages from the first list of languages by filtering out at least one language from the first list of languages.
 15. A system comprising: an electronic device with a display, one or more input devices, and one or more audio output devices; a memory configured to store text; and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to: display, on the display, a portion of displayed text that includes a plurality of words; receive a request to convert the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech; determine whether a language ambiguity exists based on an analysis of the plurality of words of the portion of the displayed text, wherein the language ambiguity indicates that a plurality of candidate languages are applicable for converting the plurality of words in the portion of displayed text to speech; in accordance with the determination that the language ambiguity exists, cause to be concurrently displayed, on the display, the plurality of candidate languages for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech, wherein the plurality of candidate languages was selected based on the analysis of the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text; and while concurrently displaying the plurality of candidate languages, receiving, with one or more input devices, input indicative of selection of a first candidate language from the concurrently displayed plurality of candidate languages, in response to receiving the input indicative of selection of the first candidate language, output, with one or more audio output devices, audio corresponding to the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text, wherein the audio comprises a conversion of the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech in the first candidate language.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are configured to use a language synthesizer corresponding to the first candidate language to generate speech for the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text.
 17. The system of claim 15 wherein the portion of the displayed text is the entire displayed text or a subset of the displayed text.
 18. The system of claim 15 wherein the one or more processors are configured to: read a first character in the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text; determine a first language to be used for converting the first character to speech; associate the first language with the first character; read a second character in the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text, the second character following the first character; determine a second language to be used for converting the second character to speech, wherein the second language is different from the first language; associate the second language with the second character; convert the first character to speech using a language synthesizer corresponding to the first language associated with the first character; and convert the second character to speech using a language synthesizer corresponding to the second language associated with the second character.
 19. The system of claim 15 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to determine that the plurality of words corresponds to the plurality of candidate languages for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech, wherein the determination comprises the one or more processors being configured to perform at least one of: determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon one or more loaded keyboards; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon one or more tags associated with the displayed text; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon character encoding information associated with one or more characters in the displayed text; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon one or more user preferences; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon a language selected for a prior text-to-speech conversion; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon a source of the displayed text; determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based country code top-level domain information associated with the displayed text; or determine a language for converting the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech based upon global positioning system (GPS) information.
 20. The system of claim 15 wherein: the displayed text is selected from a webpage; and the one or more processors are further configured to determine that the plurality of words corresponds to the plurality of candidate languages based upon a domain associated with a web site hosting the webpage.
 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, with the one or more input devices, input indicative of a selection of the portion of the displayed text; and concurrently displaying, on the display, the plurality of candidate languages based on the selection of the portion of the displayed text.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the selected portion of the displayed text is a first portion of the displayed text, wherein the displayed plurality of candidate languages is a first plurality of candidate languages, the method further comprising: while displaying the first plurality of candidate languages, receiving, with the one or more input devices, input indicative of a selection of a second portion of the displayed text, the second portion of the displayed text being different from the first portion of the displayed text; in response to the input indicative of the selection of the second portion of the displayed text: ceasing to display the first plurality of candidate languages; and displaying, on the display, a second plurality of candidate languages for converting the second portion of the displayed text to speech, the second plurality of candidate languages different from the first plurality of candidate languages.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein concurrently displaying the plurality of candidate languages further comprises: determining whether the portion of the displayed text satisfies a first set of criteria and a second set of criteria; in accordance with a determination that the portion of the displayed text satisfies the first set of criteria, displaying a first plurality of candidate languages concurrently with the text on the display; and in accordance with a determination that the portion of the displayed text satisfies the second set of criteria, displaying a second plurality of candidate languages concurrently with the text on the display, wherein the second plurality of candidate languages is different from the first plurality of candidate languages.
 24. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: receive, with the one or more input devices, input indicative of a selection of the portion of the displayed text; and concurrently display, on the display, the selection of the portion of the displayed text.
 25. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 24, wherein the selected portion of the displayed text is a first portion of the displayed text, wherein the displayed plurality of candidate languages is a first plurality of candidate languages, the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: while displaying the first plurality of candidate languages, receive, with the one or more input devices, input indicative of a selection of a second portion of the displayed text, the second portion of the displayed text different being from the first portion of the displayed text; in response to the input indicative of the selection of the second portion of the displayed text: cease to display the first plurality of candidate languages; and display, on the display, a second plurality of candidate languages for converting the second portion of the displayed text to speech, the second plurality of candidate languages different from the first plurality of candidate languages.
 26. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the instructions that cause the processor to concurrently display the plurality of candidate languages further comprise instructions that cause the processor to: determine whether the portion of the displayed text satisfies a first set of criteria and a second set of criteria; in accordance with a determination that the portion of the displayed text satisfies the first set of criteria, display a first plurality of candidate languages concurrently with the text on the display; and in accordance with a determination that the portion of the displayed text satisfies the second set of criteria, display a second plurality of candidate languages concurrently with the text on the display, wherein the second plurality of candidate languages is different from the first plurality of candidate languages.
 27. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: receive, with the one or more input devices, input indicative of a selection of the portion of the displayed text, and concurrently display, on the display, the selection of the portion of the displayed text.
 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the selected portion of the displayed text is a first portion of the displayed text, wherein the displayed plurality of candidate languages is a first plurality of candidate languages, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: while displaying the first plurality of candidate languages, receive, with the one or more input devices, input indicative of a selection of a second portion of the displayed text, the second portion of the displayed text being different from the first portion of the displayed text; in response to the input indicative of the selection of the second portion of the displayed text: cease to display the first plurality of candidate languages; and display, on the display, a second plurality of candidate languages for converting the second portion of the displayed text to speech, the second plurality of candidate languages different from the first plurality of candidate languages.
 29. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are configured to concurrently display the plurality of candidate languages by: determining whether the portion of the displayed text satisfies a first set of criteria and a second set of criteria; in accordance with a determination that the portion of the displayed text satisfies the first set of criteria, displaying a first plurality of candidate languages concurrently with the text on the display; and in accordance with a determination that the portion of the displayed text satisfies the second set of criteria, displaying a second plurality of candidate languages concurrently with the text on the display, wherein the second plurality of candidate languages is different from the first plurality of candidate languages.
 30. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in accordance with a determination, by the processing device, that the plurality of words corresponds to a single respective candidate language for converting the portion of the displayed text to speech: in response to the request to convert the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech, outputting, with the one or more audio output devices, audio corresponding to the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text, wherein the audio comprises a conversion of the portion of the displayed text to speech in the single respective candidate language.
 31. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: in accordance with a determination that the plurality of words corresponds to a single respective candidate language for converting the portion of the displayed text to speech: in response to the request to convert the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text to speech, output, with the one or more audio output devices, audio corresponding to the plurality of words in the portion of the displayed text, wherein the audio comprises a conversion of the portion of the displayed text to speech in the single respective candidate language. 